Social Behavior of the Silvered Leaf Monkey Essay Example for Free

Social style of the Silvered snap Monkey EssayAdult Silvered leaf Monkey (Trachyphitecus sp. ) throw out be distinguished by having silver-tip fur, with dark-skinned face, a feature which is entirely different from the infants. Infants can be seen as a starling bright orange. However, in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo) reddish adults also occur. Species Range Species of Silvered Leaf Monkeys can be found ranging from Indochina, Southern Burma, Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia to Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. Group Size Species of Silvered Leaf Monkey atomic number 18 usually found in groups up to about ten. The average group size of Javan Langur is around seven individuals (V. Nijman, unpubl. data cited in Nijman and van Balen, 1998). base on Kool (1991) found that groups ranged in size from 6-21 individuals with one or two adult males in the group. Group sizes were observed to be larger on Lombok Island, Indonesia, in secondary and monsoon forests than in tropical forests (Sup riatna et al. , 1986). Foraging Behavior of Silvered Leaf Monkey Silvered Leaf Monkeys be observed feeding on childly leaf shoots or forest productions in swampy areas, riverine forests and back-mangrove (Silvered Leaf Monkey. 2007). The diet of the Leaf Monkey consists of young leaves and leaf buds, including sweet and fleshy fruits ( mellowed and unripe), flowers, flower buds, and insect larvae (Kool, 1993). During times that fruits are unavailable or not in season, they increase the intake of young shoots/leaves. It was found out that half of the dietary intake for the subspecies T. auratus sondaicus consisted of protein-rich leaves (Kool, 1992, 1993). In appendix to that, the leaves that, the Silver Leaf Monkey selects and prefers to eat consists of low-fiber contents which are easily digestible (Kool, 1992).Silver Leaf Monkey rarely eat mature leaves, they are observed to spent 20% of feeding time foraging on species of Moraceae. When the favored food are scares, their i mportant food source are young leaves of the teak tree (Tectona grandis), (Kool, 1993, 1991). The midrib part of the leaf of teak tree are mostly preferred to be eaten by the Silver leaf Monkey. nutritional Value of Their Diets Part of their diet, are high protein rich leaves and leaves with low fiber-content which are easily digestible.According to Kool (1993) twenty seven to thirty seven percent of their diets was fruit in which fifteen to twenty seven percent consists of the diets of unripe fruit, and ten to twelve percent of the diet ripe fruit. These fruits that they consume consists of higher amount of condensed tannins, (which jibe to Goltenboth 1976 Davies, et al. , 1998 Kool, 1992, is useful in the diet because they may reduce acidosis of the stomach by slowing down the rate of fermentation) and total phenolics. Part of the diet of the subpsecies T.auratus sondaicus are ripe fruits which was found causing acidosis in colobines, this is maybe the reason why colobines avoid eating this (Goltenboth, 1976 Kool, 1992). Some of the species also prefer eating fruits with seeds. Some of the important species of trees they prefer to consume are from Ficus sinulata, Ficis sumatrana and Vitex pinnata (Kool, 1993). Depending on what kind of fruits was in season especially during the month of July, August, September, January and February, the kind of food that different groups prefers, varies.Groups may feeds simultaneously having the aforesaid(prenominal) food preference. Individuals may be observed eating while the others are traveling or resting. It was also observed that compared to other group of adults and sub-adults the male Silvered Leaf Monkey fed less frequently (Brotoisworo and Dirgavusa, 1991). Locomotion It was observed that the silvered leaf monkey (Javan langur) moves through the forest, quadrupedally (Rowe, 1996). Social Behavior The species of Javan langur are found support in social groups of one or two adult males and some groups on Lombok is lands are observed to have only one male.The males were observed to fall in and travel solitarily or mixed with all-male groups. The male tends to maintain close law of proximity with other males the same is true with the females, who tend to maintain close proximity with other females. Aggressive behavior of adult females against one another of the same sex can be observed. Some females may tend to care infants which are not from them (Kool, 1991 Supriatna, etal. 1986 Bennett and Davies, 1994 Rowe, 1994 and Mengantara and Dirgayusa, 1994). Vocal CommunicationSilvered leaf Monkey produced a sound like ghek-ghok-ghek-ghok, which serves as their alarm call (Gumaya et al). Reproduction The species of silvered leaf monkey produces or gives birth to only one offspring at a time.References Bennett, E. L. and Davies, A. G. 1994. The Ecology of Asian Colobines. in Colobine Monkeys Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution. eds. A. G. Davies and J. F. Oates. Cambridge University Press Cambrid ge. Brotoisworo, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1991. Ranging and Feeding Behavior of Presbytis cristata in the Pangandaran genius Reserve, West Java, Indonesia.in Primatology Today. eds. A. Ehara, T. Kimura, O. Takenaka, and M. Iwamoto. Elsevier Science Publishers Amsterdam. Davies, A. G. , Bennett, E. L. , and Waterman, P. G. 1988. Food Selection By Two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society. Vol. 34, 33-56. Djuwantoko. 1994. Habitat and Conservation of Ebony Leaf Monkey in Deciduous Forests (teak), in Central Java. (abstract) XVth Congress of the International Primatological Society.Bali-Indonesia. Goltenboth, R. 1976. Non Human Primates (apes, monkeys and prosimians). in The enchiridion of Zoo Medicine. (translation) eds. H-G. Klos and E. M. Lang. Van Nostrand Reinhold New York. Gurmaya, K. J. , Adiputra, I. M. W. , Saryatiman, A. B. , Danardono, S. N. , and Sibuea, T. T. H. 1994. A Preliminary Study on Ecology and Conservation of the Java Primates Kool, K. M. 1991. Behavioral Ecology of the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in the Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia (abstract) Primate Eye.Vol. 44, 19-20. Kool, K. M. 1992. Food Selection by the Silver Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus, in Relation to Plant Chemistry. Oecologia. Vol. 90, 527-533. Kool, K. M. 1993. The Diet and Feeding Behavior of the Slilver Leaf Monkey, (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology Vol. 14(5), 667-700. Mengantara, E. and Dirgayusa, I. W. A. 1994. Social Behavior of lutung (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus) in Pangandaran Nature Reserve. (abstract) XVth Congress of t

English Should be Declared the Official Language Essay Example for Free

side of meat Should be Declared the Official Language screenIn recent years, the the Statess ability to resolve ethnicalal diversity and political unity has been challenged at bleak level. The influx of immigrants from Asia, Africa and Latin the States has brought changes in the character of some inherents and accelerated demands for government services in their own speechs. The aspect of linguistic diversity has in fact sparked insecurity just about farmingal unity and fostered a wave designed to make position the ordained linguistic process in the unite States (Inhofe and Munoz 1).Entrenched in the politics of linguistic communication and especially make English the functionary quarrel in United States is the deeper contest of American identity and means of preserving it. Ensuring a common official quarrel create and establish the foundations of dry landal unity, on top of enhancing ethnic harmony. Policymakers and some American citizens contract responded to this manage in various ways.Court decisions, administrative regulations and federal official laws have always favored the ultimate use of other languages in public offices, but most citizens have favored English language as a valued symbol of American nationhood worthy being established and defended for (Zehr 23). Pros of English as Official United States Language Although lawmakers in the United States have lingered on deciding on endowing English with a special legal precondition, it was assumed that a common language would develop in America.To affirm this hypothetic assumption, linguistic researchers consistently found out that the typical pattern of language usage among the immigrants to America shifted from non-English in the first generation of immigrants to use of the umpteen languages in their surrounding neighbors in the second generation and the reverted to English in the third generation (Scholastic 1).This was because speaking English was the only way to cope up for the new immigrants to adequately adapt to the society they found in America, increase their earning potential, for students to succeed in schools, and eventually enhance their future career options in the land of many opportunities. The immigrants and their descendants learned English not because the law forced them to due to the reason that learning English was a precursor to helping them get forrad in America.The debate of making English the United States official language is founded on the believe that the stability of the American institutions and values heavily depended on cultural homogeneity. The Americas citizens and courts have sent clear message that plenty should unite behind a common official language and especially English which has been grasped by the majority and help foster American values that appreciate one another in that cultural diversity.By helping the immigrants learn the official language would ensure that the services from government institutions are accessible to all and by extension would enable save taxpayers money initially used to ply for those services of an interpreter (Gillespie 1). Looking at the bigger picture, bilingual systems like in education require special services which prove to need a lot of money and more so create segregation on ethnic groups against the values endeavored to be achieved in the American dream (Inhofe and Munoz 1).Lets look at the issue in this perspective suppose an employer wanted to train employees of different native languages what would he or she do? Having that common language is a major boost as everyone would endeavor to just be literate in it and break the barriers of language (Cincinnati 1). Training people in their native language narrows the perspective to ethnic level and would mean a lot of trainers-unnecessary expense of the company.On the issue of language rights, which are mostly demanded by ethnic minorities, they are symbolic affirmation of their continued attachment to th eir original cultures. In the context of international arena, people have started thinking globally the revival of ethnic consciousness does not anchor well with postering that international standards and more specific the concern of national unity (Inhofe and Munoz 1). Maintaining the ethnic lines brings about unrest and polarization as experienced in most parts of the world.United States is the greatest nation on earth and ensuring preservation of English as the official language would be a great feat of achievement for it would ease out discrimination in offices which occur because people cannot be understood or are discriminated evidently because they cannot speak a certain language. Inhofe and Munoz ( 1) point out a Zogby International Poll established that eighty-five percent of the sampled expressed their support for making English as the language that should be used in all government operations.Surprisingly also, seventy-one percent of the Hispanics surveyed, were for the i dea of making English as the official language in United States. This positivism has also been expressed in other polls and call for the implementation of bill that gives English the legal status as the official language and so there is no reason whatsoever to offer government services at extra costs in foreign languages. In cordial feat the Pledge of Allegiance and the National Anthem through English show the patriotism in bringing the nation together in the spirit of sharing the American Dream.Cons of English as Official United States Language The demographic and political changes that began in America in the 1960s opened an era of clash over language. It was the blacks who emphasized the values of ethnic distinctiveness and solidarity in the use of their native languages and other groups followed. Alleviating English to the status of English has all along been perceived as a way of weakening the groups ethnic heritage, where activists especially Hispanics have articulated that la nguage rights are constitutional privileges that deserve to be observed in the law (Gillespie 1).This in fact advocated that the United States government should move beyond toleration nonage languages in the private arena to promoting bilingual languages in its institutions. This has always remained as the biggest threat to ensuring that English is made legally the official language in the United States. According to Inhofe and Munoz (1) another reason that has been a draw back in ensuring English is legal recognized as the official language in America is because there are other languages that are also spoken by a considerable number of people like the Spanish.Spanish is said to be spoken by over forty million Hispanics in the United States at work, at homes and in their daily lives. Inhofe and Munoz (1) repugn that by virtue of making English as the official language and relieving the government role of assisting non-English speakers and this could spell doom to those who cannot quickly learn English. It is agreed that people can learn English and money can be devoted to helping non-English speakers learn but the trick comes in passing a law that would magically expect people learn promptly may proof to be hard (Cincinnati 1).Minority activists have all along supported cultural maintenance programs that teach children subjects in English and their native language in their education. The concept celebrates the multicultural conception of identity in America and in the process celebrates ethnic consciousness. The symbolic vastness considerably undervalues the English language on the specter of accepting the bicultural approach, where the culture of a group is embedded in their language (Zehr 23).Cincinnati ( 1) argues that the United States has never stated an official language because of the drawbacks that are faced in trying to do so and many people have tried without much success. In 1780, a congress man John Adams proposed to the congress for English to be made the official language, but he received much criticism where the proposal was deemed as threat to individual liberty and undemocratic. Over the years whenever the debate arose, there have been people on both sides (Scholastic 1). Only twenty-seven states have officially made English their official language others remaining in the dark.Others people are opposed to the stand of making English official language apparently because their business of translation would be affected as learning English for Spanish people they can understand and translate the manuscripts themselves (Cincinnati 1). Scholastic (1) points out that the estimates gibe to a U. S. English Inc. , a group that is a proponent of declaring English as the United States official language, there are close to 322 languages spoken by the citizens in the country. Twenty-four of these languages are spoken almost in every state.Statistics has it that Wyoming has the fewest languages fifty-six in number while Califor nia State has the highest, both hundred and seven in total. Cincinnati ( 1) strongly argues that because the U. S is a nation of immigrants as rightly proved by the numbers, declaring English as the official language would be impeachment of the individual rights for those incapable of speaking English, who on the other hand pay taxes and should be served their languages notwithstanding. Gillespie (1) reminds us that when the question of language comes up many argue that it is aimed at dividing as it has remained a hot button to touch.Many politicians argue that immigrants have been coming to America and have consequently contributed without holding back to the nation and eventually working to fulfill their dreams of better lives for their families and themselves. For this reason declaring English as an official language these immigrants would turn their backs on the American common dream. Conclusion The many reasons brought forth strongly propose that English should be made the of ficial language of the United States. On the other hand, valid opposition on the issue also comes up, bearing weight which should be negated at policymakers peril.English as the official language has many benefits to offer to the American citizens and the national unity at large. Homogeneity in language would cut down unnecessary costs encountered in the education and in judicial courts not forgetting polarization of the ethnic groups overtly felt and seen around the world. Moreover, it would be a plus in enhancing stability of the American institutions. The pros override the cons and supporting English as official language in the U. S would bring more benefits than the demerits expressed.

Contributions of Biotechnology to Agriculture

Contributions of Biotechnology to AgricultureIntroductionThe Food and Agriculture Organization some 20 years ago released a paper stating that the trample of food for thought produced worldwide will not be able to provide the constant nutritional needs for the world population by this year (2010) as a staggering 25% increase in world population was projected, though this estimation has not materialised, it has constituentrated a lot of concerns as in that location has been a 4-fold population increase in the last century (1918 2009) which has led to the operations of biotechnology to agriculture or in other words the Agrobiotechnology to enhance maximum food occupation in an economic demeanor.The need for the application of biotechnology to crops was also necessitated as a result of the massive crop loss due to sucking lo aim pests as at that time was treated with pesticides which be expensive and and so there was a need to sustain the productivity yields of crops which was not given practically of a chance as world population was on the rise. Biotechnology was able to provide prospects of producing novel, developed, safer and inexpensive crops in agricultural practices. (Brown, 1992)Agriculture is defined simply as the activities involved in the merchandise of food crops and rearing of store sentient beings, composition biotechnology was defined jointly by FAO and WHO (1996) as the integration of congenital sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. Therefore Agrobiotechnology techniques according to Huttner et al, (1995) are implemented to reduce cost of production of crops and increasing food productivity by increasing food quality and food processing traits, adequate disease or pest electric resistance, improving environmental stress tolerance, and the control of weeds which has led to the development of (genetically modified ) GM crops in some parts of the world.Plant breeding techniques with the use of molecular markers such as RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSRP, CAPS and SSCP were improved for plants genome mapping as well as to determine plants phenotypes and select desirable traits for the proper modification of crops depending on the gene of interest that is to be collective into several populations of plants or crops generated by crosses. (Mohan et al, 1996)Several biotechnology approaches have also been applied in livestock farming basically because there is a customary belief that the biotechnological steps to humans are just one step ahead of those applied to animals which involves the modification of animals to observe desirable traits. (Becker and Cowan, 2009)According to Fernandez-Cornejo (2008), the fundamental contributions of the application of biotechnology to agriculture depends on the acknowledgement of its prospective possible benefits and risks, however, this essay will focus on the potential contributions of biotechnology to agriculture (plants and animals) taking into consider the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the technologyPlant (Crop) BiotechnologyPlant biotechnology developments was based on the cell theory as described by Vasil (2007) and has witnessed remarkable expansion in the last 10 years which has focused majorly on making crop production efficient and producing crops with desired traits. Plants and crops need to thump well some Biotic and Abiotic stresses to increase their productivity which led to the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops about 20 years ago which have been commercialized over the past 10 years either with single traitor multiple traits GM crops as the name implies that genes of a crop are taken and tape drivered to another(prenominal) crop or already present genes are manipulated with the main purpose of changing the features of the crop in question which may be either the way the crop develops or matures. Addre ssed in the next paragraph are traits that have been transferred to biotechnology or GM crops to increase their yield.Insect/pest resistance Ferry et al (2005) estimated that 10 20% of major crops are lost to insects or pests and crops are genetically modified to be poisonous and harmful to pests that blow the crops, an example is the application of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) genes to grow cotton (in China and South Africa) and corn thereby reducing pesticide use, increasing profits, yields and health benefits to farmers who apply pesticides without protective clothes. (Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 2004) ailment resistance Described in details by Raybould and Gray (1993), fungal, bacterial and viral infestations to crops and plants have been suppressed by genetically modifying plants to be disease wicked for example the ongoing research to reduce the viral and fungal infections to sweet potatoes and bananas respectively.Abiotic stress resistance Motavalli et al (2004) disc ussed the ongoing extensive research to modify crops to be able to survive in unfavourable environmental conditions such as drought, heat, cold, frost, extreme soil conditions and significantly increase food security for example the use of trehalose genes to grow strain in India to protect it from dehydration.Herbicide tolerance This trait enables a wide range of weeds to be controlled by modifying crops to be repellant to the effects of weed thereby lowering costs of herbicides, reducing tillage and effective weed control measures as discussed in Sharma et al (2002) in the harvest of soybeans in Argentina.Improved nutritional value Plant biotechnologies has enabled crops to be modified to contain supplemental nutrients inadequate in diets for example the enhancement of -carotene in rice to increase vitamin A to prevent blindness which is as a result of vitamin A deficiency.Biopharmaceuticals Biotechnology applications in plants has been used to produce vaccines and medicines according to Sharma et al (2002) which has enabled production and easy diffusion of cheap vaccines as in the modification of potatoes to produce bacterial vaccines for E.coli.GM crops have been widely accepted worldwide (25 countries currently) both in industrial and developing countries as shown in figure 1 mainly because of their advantages which are either economical or environmental. Apart from the fact that plant or crop biotechnology has improved the productivity and yield of crops, other economic benefits in relation to the features of GM crops are further discussedAs described by Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2004), the growth of a large variety of crops by farmers have been enhanced as there a good resistance to biotic (insects, pests or diseases) and abiotic (drought, frost, heat) conditions. With the resistance of GM crops to insects and pests, the use of pesticides is greatly reduced which in turn reduces the costs of growing these crops. Farmers are able to generate more income owing to the decrease of the cost of farming and generation of higher yields which consequently reduce the prices of crops thereof alleviating poverty and starvation levels in the economy. GM crops have an improved nutrition levels thus sicknesses and illnesses are consequently averted with a better diet even in underdeveloped countries. Since GM crops can remain fresher over a big period of timefor example in tomatoes, the shelf life can be increased in the market. The ability of GMO crops to withstand abiotic conditions such as drought has increased food security while the cheaper production of biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and other medicines in GM plants has led to a great ease of distribution and manufacture of vaccines thus improving healthcare systems.Environmental benefits of GM crops as discussed by Gatehouse et al (1992) Wieczorek (2003) and Gatehouse (2005), includes the less use or no use of pesticides and insecticides which may be contaminants in th e environment (land or water) and could accumulate as residues on foods thus more environmental friendly pesticides can be used while in most cases there is no need to use pesticides. Natural resources sustainability is also improved as there is less use of energy or chemicals (pesticides) while natural habitats are conserved for more efficient applications. GM crops have reduced the pressure on vegetation and biodiversity is maintained while there is a less risk of desertification and soil erosion since GM crops can be grown anywhere irrespective of abiotic conditions.According to the advantages of biotechnology described in figure 2 above, these benefits can only be achieved if the risks and concerns which constitute the disadvantages are investigated, realised and averted. (Mannion, 1995). The potential risks of biotechnology applications to crops and plants can either be health related, environmental or social as further discussed.Wieczorek, (2003) discusses the potential risk o f introducing toxins and allergens into GM crops while genetic modification technology is underway is of great concern as there is a potential risk of allergens and toxins being transferred into improved crops while also emphasizing the concerns raised about the use of molecular markers during gene transfer as there is a potential risk of diseases being resistant to clinical antibiotic treatments as a result of transfer of resistance encode genes which may contain novel bacterial strains. Of great concern as discussed by Hobbs and Plunkett, 1999 is the fact that the long term health effects of the consumption of GM crops over a long time is unknown.Of environmental concerns is the potential risk of GM crops hybridizing with related weeds which may result in superweeds that are more complicated to manage while genetic modification of plants could pose a risk of unintentional gene transfer to non GM crops from GM crops thus the former become wild plants creating ecological instabilit ies as discussed by Soregaroli and Wesseler, (2003). Wieczorek, (2003) suggests that the release of GM crops into the environment may pose unpredicted and adverse effects as it was emphasized by the fatal actions of Bt corn on the larvae of Monarch butterfly, though the possibility of this happening is very doubtful. Due to the fact that insect pests may get resistant to crop-fortification traits of GM crops, a swift resistance can build up among pest populations as it was feared with Bt crops while biological diversity in nature stand a great risk of being adversely affected as there may be an increase on the reliance of GM crops which could intensify failure of non-GM crops and put at risk food security.A social concern as discussed by Persley and Siedow, (199) raises the arguments of GM crops being labelled as practiced in the U.S.A where Gm crops carry a label showing a difference in while another concern is the inadequate regain to seeds of GM crops or food plants that have b een patented as these seeds cannot be saved for replanting. GM crops/food plants have been referred to as unnatural by critics as they are modified by humans and not found in nature as other crops created by God thus causing ruckus of religious and ethical concerns as discussed in Knight (2008) while it is feared that these GM plants could someday turn into weeds, adversely affect the natural ecosystem due to direct and collateral impacts on non-targeted plants/crops as described by Azadi and Ho, (2009).Animal BiotechnologyAnimal biotechnology was described by Cowan and Becker, (2006) as series of techniques by which living beings are genetically modified to benefit humans and animals by exploiting and introducing desirable trait which is as a result of the genetic code being discovered in the early 1950s with technologies including embryo transfer, transgenics, in-vitro fertilization, sexual practiceing embryo, cloning and gene knockout but with transgenics being the most commerci alized while cloning being the technique skirt with a great deal controversy.Animal biotechnologies have not received much attention as attributed to plant/crop biotechnology as there is so much controversy surrounding its applications as there is a general concern that these applications could one day be applied to humans since its just a step ahead of the applications to livestock to observe desired traits.Embryo transfer, In-vitro fertilization, sexing embryo and even cloning can be classified as reproducing technologies that have several advantages as described by Gordon, 2004 which includes the improvement of the reproducing capacities of livestock, the reduction of the level of infertility in animals, enablement of old livestock to donate ovules if they cant maintain pregnancies, the observation of specific sex (male or female) as desired traits while the embryos in all these techniques can also be stored in an embryo bank and can be slowly retrieved when required. Gene kno ckout/targeting techniques has a major advantage of increasing the knowledge of stem cells and similar genes that may be present in humans and livestock and can be use to study diseases and ailments as discussed by Serhan and Ward, (1999).Cloning of animals is also preferential as it provides farmers with a range of better performing animals in a generation, is used to improve the population of livestock or endangered animals while inexpensive and many biologically engineered drugs can be modified by using genes that can encode proteins from human as discussed by Van Niekerk, (2005).Application of transgenics which is performed either by microinjection or homologous recombination however is the most advantageous and commercialized animal biotechnology with several examples as shown in table 1, below.As numerous as the advantages and contributions of animal biotechnology are, there are inactive health, environmental and social concerns that want to constitute as disadvantages to th e biotechnology applications for instance the safety of food from GM animals could pose a threat to human health as unpredicted and unintended changes may arise in their composition while environmental issues are based on the break out of gene flow into natural populations as feared especially in superfish as escape into habitats will disrupt natural ecosystems and may cause the introduction of undiscovered genes into the environment. Cowan and Becker (2006). cordial acceptance concerns has been a major disadvantage of animal biotechnologies as discussed by Becker and Cowan (2009) which arise from labelling, welfare of animals, genetic biodiversity and trade issues have limited the commercialization of animal biotechnologies.Purpose/ AdvantageAnimal ModelsFaster Growth/ Leaner meatCattle, pig, rabbits, sheepAltered milk composition (higher protein)CattleBiosteel production in milk targetReduced phosphorous in swine feaces (Enviropig)PigIncreased wool productionSheepDisease resistan cePig, sheep, rabbitXenotransplantation (animal organs for humans)PigAquaculture (Growth Hormones of Superfish)Salmon doing of human protein in milkSheepProduction of pharmaceuticals and therapeuticsSheep, cattleTable 1 Applications of Transgenics in Farm Animals. Modified from original source Cowan and Becker (2006)

AC DC Three Phase Generators

AC DC Three Phase GeneratorsAims and ObjectivesThe main objective of this survey is to draw and quarter the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and labors.The following subjects must be covered in this report for it to success skillfuly document the investigation, these subjects will be constructed using a series of lab experiments and learner comments-Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators preparation resistive, capacitive and inductive loads.Relationship between whet, current, magnate actor, and capacity of a cage certainty ram, capacitor start induction motor, par totallyel motor and DC motor.Analyse the results from each of the experiments d star and provide representical recordical analysis of the results.Introduction/ BackgroundIt is hearty k in a flashn that the most regular type of king to be generated around the world is triple phase AC. The reasons being are-Three phase power is needed for the use of the most efficient types of industrial motors.It is considered to be the most efficient do work of electrical energy to generate and distri besidese.Due to the performance of three phase, the size and weight of devices using it such as generators and motors are lower compared to devices using other power formations.Although it should be noted that the performance of an AC system is dependant on the power factor, not just the load in terms of current.In-order to successfully investigate the subject of AC vs. DC a descend of six practical try ons were completed, the practical leavens will be documented in the following report and analysed.The tests completed-AC induction motor torsion-speed characteristicsAC parallel motor tortuousness-speed characteristicsAC capacitor start induction motor tortuousness-speed characteristicsDC motor torque-speed characteristicsDC generator output characteristicsAC generator output characteristicsAC summoning Motor scrutinyAn induction motor is an a coetaneous motor where through electrocharismatic induction power is supplied to the rotating device. In some contexts an induction motor mint be described as a rotating transformer because the stator offer be shown to be the primary meandering(a) and the rotor as the secondary winding. initiation motors can be found regularly in industrial situations.Induction motors get their popularity from being rugged in construction, and from not having brushes.There is to a greater extent than one design of induction motor a few examples are-Squirrel Cage rotor coil MotorWound rotor MotorDouble Cage Rotor MotorEach of the above motor designs has its own merits the type of motor to be used in this experiment is the cage rotor motor.Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor-A cage induction motor rotor shown in the illustration below consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved into the organisation of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. The design is know n as the cage rotor because of the conducting bars, if examined they can be seen to look standardized a squirrel or hamsters exercise wheel.1Squirrel Cage Motor ConstructionTestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-SpeedCurrentOutput great power spring Factor competencyThe basic idea behind the test, the motor is shape at full speed and is machine-accessible to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less(prenominal) amounts of torque. exiting at low motor torque, readings of current cinqueage and power are interpreted, then readings continue to be taken all they track to nigh stalling point.The test equipment is as follows-Circuit Diagram for Cage Rotor Induction Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a hedge diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. stopMotorT hree Phase SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Am pulse, volt meter, westward meterTest ProcedureA completely extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment galvanic Machines FH2 identify to appendix .Results Table T.1Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output Power (W)Wattmeter Wa (W)Wattmeter Wb (W)Input Power (W) imbibe Current (A) field of operation Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA)Power FactorEfficiency (p.u.)0.1150015.708800800.35245148.523360.53860.19634950.2145030.3698510950.38245161.253930.58910.31967080.3145045.5539520cxv0.4245169.740980.67750.39611390.4144060.319100301300.42245178.228030.72940.46398910.5142574.613110401500.45245190.95860.78550.49741880.6140087.965120501700.5245212.176220.80120.51743880.71390101.89130601900.55245233.393850.81410.53627540.81360113.94145652100.57245241.88090.86820.54254810.91350127.23clx802400.65245275.829090.87010.530143811.11.21.31.4The determine for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power fact or and efficiency were calculated using the following races-Problems-Before the results are expressed in graphical recordical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a fit out error. A contact lens was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an clear circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin.Graphical Analysis-Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make resemblance the results from the test equipment manufacture curb been included as a guide.Speed vs. TorqueThe above graph shows the race between speed and torque, it shows that at a low torque the speed is at its maximum but as the torque growths the adverse happens to the speed. This is expected because increasing the torque of the motor is adding more mechanical load, thus slowing the motor down.2Manufactures graph of Speed versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The graph above is a representation of the results that the manufacturer of the test machines gives as a guide. It is possible to see that from a torque of 0.1Nm to 0.9Nm the results are same to the report authors. The torque was not taken any higher than 0.9Nm in the authors test as stalling the motor was not a desired outcome.Output Power vs. TorqueThis graph shows the relationship of output power versus torque taken from the lab results in table T.1 it has an obvious foldar upward slide. It is expected that the output power increases as more load is put on the motor, because the motor has to work harder to maintain rotation.3Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The manufactures results also share the same upward trend as the autho rs, but again the manufacture has taken the results past 0.9Nm and taken the motor into a stalling condition.Line Current versus TorqueThe graph above shows the results of torque against line current, a good upward trend is visible. This indicates that as the torque increases so does the line current, this again is due to the increase in load on the motor.4Manufactures graph of Line Current versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The guide results from the manufacture complement the results that the author recorded. A steady rise is shown from around 0.35-0.4A to 0.6-0.7A at about 0.9Nm.Power Factor versus TorqueThe graph is showing the results from the practical lab experiment, the calculated power factor versus the torque. It can be seen from the upward trend of the graph that as the torque of the motor increases, so does the power factor. It will be later seen in the report that because the power factor increases with torque so will the efficiency.5Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The guide results above show similarities with the results gained through practical lab experiments.Torque vs. EfficiencyThe graph is showing the relationship between efficiency and torque, the efficiency increases as the torque does, this is expected because the output power increases with the torque. The peak efficiency occurs at around 0.75-0.8Nm after which the efficiency starts to reduce.6Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor)The graph above shows the relationship of torque and efficiency, the manufactures results show a similar trend to that of the authors. The results from the manufactures show more of the downward trend after 0.8Nm to eventually stalling point.ConclusionOverall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. both(prenominal) of the graphs could have been a more steady results but it is not possib le to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more time and victorious average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. The induction motor is capable of supplying torque when needed but it will not maintain a constant speed.AC Synchronous Motor TestThe major characteristic of a coexistent motor is that it stays at a constant speed regardless of no load or full load. Under certain conditions they can produce a power factor that is capable of correcting a low power factor from an inductive load. A common use for a synchronous motor is to drive a DC generator. They come in all sizes from small to thousands of horsepower.The synchronous motor works by the application of three-phase AC power to the stator which causes a rotating magnetic field. The rotor sits inside this magnetic field, and is energised with a DC electromotive force. The rotating magnetic field of the stator attracts the rotor magnetic field caused by the DC voltage, and a strong rotating force is then imposed on the rotor shaft.This is one of the disadvantages of the synchronous motor, it needs a DC excitation voltage to start without this the rotor will not start turning. This characteristic causes the motor to have poor starting torque, most of its torque is when it is running at synchronous speed.7Showing the parts making up a synchronous motorTestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC synchronous motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-CurrentOutput PowerPower FactorEfficiencySpeed has not been considered because of the way the motor operates, a constant speed should be apparent throughout the test.In the test the motor is ran at full speed, and an adjustable brake unit will control the levels of torque the motor produces. Measurements of current, voltage and power a re taken at low to high torque points to get the torque characteristics of the motor.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates.Three Phase SupplyBrakeMotorDC Rotor SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureThe test procedure that was followed can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2, refer to appendix.Results Table T.2Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output Power (W)Wattmeter Wa (W)Wattmeter Wb (W)Input Power (W)Line Current (A)Line Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA)Power FactorEffieciency (p.u.)0150000440.0524521.217620.188500.0515007.8540880.0524521.217620.3770.9817480.1150015.71010100.0524521.217620.47131.5707960.2150031.421012220.0524521.217621.03691.4279970.3150047.122020400.124542.435240.94261.1780970.4150062.833030600.1524563.652870.94261.0471980. 5150078.543839770.224584.870490.90731.0199980.6150094.255046960.25245106.08810.90490.9817480.7150011055521070.25245106.08811.00861.0276240.81500125.760651250.3245127.30570.98191.005310.91500141.470721420.35245148.52340.95610.99557511.11.21.31.4The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency are calculated using the following relationships-Graphical Analysis-The report now includes graphical representation of the results table T.2 the guide graphs from the TecQuipment the machine manufacture have been included to compare result reliability.Output Power vs. TorqueThe above shows the relationship between torque and output power, it can be seen that as the torque produced increases so does the output power. This outcome is expected because the motor has to turn a great load and remain at a constant speed.8Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph also shows the output power increasing with the torque.L ine Current versus TorqueThe line current in this graph is taking an upwards trend indicating as the torque produced is increased so does the line current. The motor is working harder to produce more torque and therefore putting more load on the line.9Manufactures graph of Line current versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph shows a smoothing increase in line current against torque but does compare with the results gained from the test.Power Factor versus TorqueThe power factor in this graph is shown to increase to a level above 0.8 very quickly and stays there till the end of the test (0.9Nm). Synchronous motors normally run at a very good power factor close to unity, and this is represented in the results from the test.10Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures guide graph shows a similar trend to that of the report authors.Efficiency vs. TorqueThe above graph showing the relationship of torque and efficiency shows a real ly good level of efficiency produced by the motor, but the trend is not very reliable as it would not be expected to go past 1. Synchronous motors do have good efficiency higher than that of induction motors.11Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Synchronous Motor)The manufactures graph shows a much more reliable trend of efficiency of the synchronous motor, but it does still show that the motor is very efficient.ConclusionThe results for this test could have been better and if the test was to be repeated then more motion would be made to get better measurements. Although with this in mind the graphs do show what is expected from a synchronous motor in terms of torque characteristics.In comparison to the induction motor, the synchronous motor has improved characteristics of-Less load in terms of current on the line.Better Power factor (closer to unity)Better EfficiencyIt would be interesting to find out the difference in starting torque capacity of the two motors because the induction motor would be expected to have a greater starting torque than the synchronous, based on the research into the operation of these two types of motor.AC Capacitor Start Induction Motor TestThe most common AC induction motor in use today is probably the single phase induction motor. The reasons for this are that they require little maintenance, and are the least expensive. In the single phase AC induction motor the stator magnetic field does not rotate, it barely alternates polarity as a result of the AC voltage changing polarity. Through magnetic induction a voltage is induced in the rotor, merely this alone will not cause the motor to turn. This is why starting methods are needed for single phase AC induction motors.Capacitor StartIn this type of induction motor the stator is made up of a main winding and a starting winding. The starting winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which offers between the two windings a phase difference of 90 degrees. The resul t when the motor is started is that between the two windings a rotating magnetic field is created and is enough to start the motor. Once nearly full speed occurs then a speed sensitive switch cuts out the starting winding and the motor runs as a single phase motor. In this way of starting the starting winding is not designed to give the motor high starting torque and so only small motors can use this system.TestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-SpeedCurrentOutput PowerPower FactorEfficiencyThe basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for Synchrono us Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates.BrakeMotorThree Phase SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureAn extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix .Results Table T.3Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Output Power (W)Input Power (W)Supply Current (A)Line Voltage (V)Volt-Amperes (VA)Power FactorEffieciency (p.u.)0.1145015.182501.7245416.50.60.06073750.2145030.372901.75245428.750.6760.10471980.3145045.553101.82454410.7030.14694550.4144860.653301.81245443.450.7440.1837990.5142574.613551.9245465.50.7630.2101770.6140087.963901.97245482.650.8080.22555020.71390101.94212.05245502.250.8380.24202450.81350113.14702.22455390.8720.24063260.911.11.21.31.41.5The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using t he following relationships-Problems-Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin.Graphical Analysis-Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide.Speed vs. TorqueSupply Current versus TorquePower Factor versus TorqueEfficiency vs. TorqueConclusionOverall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards th e manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady result but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines.DC Motor TestThe working article of belief behind any DC motor is the attraction and repulsion of magnets. The simplest motors use electromagnets on a shaft, with permanent magnets in the case of the motor that attract and take the electromagnets. The reason for using electromagnets is so that it is possible to flip their magnetic field (their north and south poles).So the electromagnet is attracted to one of the permanent magnets. As soon as it reaches the permanent magnet, its north and south poles flip so that it is repelled from that magnet and attracted to the other permanent magnet. This video shows yo u the parts and how they fit togetherTestThe purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor.The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are-SpeedCurrentEfficiencyThe basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point.Test Equipment-Circuit Diagram for DC Motor Test-Block DiagramTo further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates.BrakeMotorThree Phase SupplyTorque ControlSpeed (rev/min)Ammeter, volt meter, watt meterTest ProcedureAn extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix .Results Tab le T.4Torque (Nm)Speed (rev/min)Voltage (V)Current (A)Input Power (W)Output Power (W)Efficiency (p.u.)0.0546001040.5557.224.0855440.4210759380.139001040.6567.640.8407040.6041524330.1532001040.757850.2654820.6444292620.228001040.993.658.6430630.6265284490.252600104110468.0678410.6544984690.323001041.15119.672.2566310.6041524330.3521001041.2124.876.969020.6167389420.419001041.35140.479.5870140.5668590730.4518001041.515684.8230020.543737190.516001041.6166.483.7758040.5034603610.5515001041.7176.886.3937980.4886527030.614001041.85192.487.9645940.4571964360.6513001041.9197.688.4881930.4478147420.712501042.1218.491.6297860.4195503010.7512001042.15223.694.247780.421501698The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships-Problems-Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one maj

The Internet real-name system

The meshwork actual-name outlineThe Internet real-name system refers to a system that identifies Internet users by their real name and be of ID card. The Korean government announced the implement of real-name system in Korea from October, 2005. That means all the Internet users in Korea cannot put their statements on the forum only when their real name and ID cards are checked by the system. The real-name system extends itself into opposite countries, which immediately draws attentions from different aspects, as well as some controversy.Arguments and DiscussionIn recent years, the government and the general public exchange their ideas frequently through the Internet, which makes the net become an important channel for citizens to express their ideas and opinions. In the work bailiwick of Supreme Peoples Procuratorate of China, the net has become wiz of the new reporting channels. However, the important reason for this is the anonymity and amplification of the report from net, which can protect the informer and apprehend back quick response from the society (Nali, 2008).The citizens use the net to expose corruption and social problems. Meanwhile, they are committing themselves to the social civilisedization. The real-name system takes the effect of anonymous statement too easily, which affect the rights of freedom and supervision of the Internet users. This cannot meet the demand of the progress of our times.However, it should be noticed that with the development of the Internet, its cannot be avoided to find some rumors and language fierceness or other issues. This is also the main reason people would like to use the real-name system to protect the environment of Internet. But this is only the minority of the users. about Internet users are law-abiding. It is overkill to shrinking spaces for Internet users only because the acts of minority.Form technical aspect, the application of real-name system is also superfluous. In fact, the statement in vir tual web is not as irresponsible as most people imagine it. According to de IP address, any Internet users can be checked (Ping, 2005).When considered from the stop consonant of economy, the first element should be considered is the cost. With the implementation of real-name system, the registration could be the first problem. The users registration information must be compared with the information recorded in the civil registry office in order to confirm its authenticity. Even though it is technically feasible, the cost of the transformation would be huger than the cost producing from anonymity.Even putting excursion the huge cost, the monitoring capability will also be real limited, because the information on the Internet is updating at an amazing speed. Combined with the law that a lot of sites locate their servers outside the country in order to avoid the real-name system, the results of this system may not be as effective as imagine.The next element should be considered fr om economical point is the effect real-name system may bring to the shopping websites. Since the leading site EBay used real-name system to ecstasy safety between the buyer and seller, most shopping websites begin to consider the adoption of real-name system. However, there is a necessity of consideration of the different environment. For example, one of the main features for U.S cities is its large number and relatively small size, which is totally different from other countries, while some country has so many cities that carry more than one million citizens. While at the same time, the Internet in U.S. has gone through a long history when compared with others. As a consequence of these differences, the deed in one city may be common in China, while has a little chance in the U.S. Thus, there is no need of real-name system with safety of transaction in the same city. The expense of real-name system of shopping websites may be transferred to the sellers in the form of commission. This may drive a lot of sellers away from this newborn market and bring the expense of the buyers. Take the largest shopping website in Asiataobao.com as an example. According to the survey carried by the website, the intention of real-name system has been received objection from the majority of the buyers, who concerns most about the personal privacy. The Donews which used to be popular among users adopted real-name system, and had its bottleneck when achieved with 2-3 million members. This experience reflects that the real-name system is real restriction to the websites. For the shopping websites, the purpose of real-name system is to avoid malicious commentary as well as mass advertising by sellers. However, most users hold the idea that the real-name system cannot guarantee the reduction of the malicious commentary. And there is no shopping stage can avoid cheating acts.Meanwhile, some opponents argue that the Internet industry should be self-discipline. Compared with forcing the users to use their real names, it is more important to educate the Internet employees to learn self-discipline. Taking the lack of standardization in shopping websites as an instance, the most effective way to fix this problem is bringing up credit between buyers and sellers. Especially in some countries whose shopping websites are at their starting stage, the real-name system may drive some buyers away, since they are worried about the exposure of personal privacy. When considering the country which already put the real-name system into practice, Korea is the very first choice to analyze. However, the system there is not as effective as imagined. Some websites who require real names only drive their users into other websites without such requirement.ConclusionThe Internet should be an open environment. The real-name system would cover too many aspects and people with different ideas. The management of Internet is a world(a) issue, however, due to the different environment and r egulations in different countries, there is no common way including real-name system to solve such complicate problem. All in all, the real-name system carries more disadvantages than its advantages. Blindly believe on the effect it brings to regulate the Internet, may receive the opponent results and inhibit the development of this newborn industry.ReferencesNali, Z. (2008). The feasibility psychoanalysis of the Internet real-name system, Science,pp.49-54Ping, A. W. (2005) Dont let the real-name system strangle the Internet. Online.Retrieved from http//home.donews.com/donews/article/8/80992.html. Date Accessed 22, Feb. 2010The anaylysis of real-name system in Taobao.com. (2009). Online. Retrieved fromhttp//industry.yidaba.com/fzfzpg/200908/210905121006100100000102454.shtml. Date Accessed 22, Feb. 2010. .

Life Is But A Choice Essays -- essays research papers

Life Is But A ChoiceBeginning with the clock time of birth until the time of death, plenty have tomake choices perfunctory on how to achieve the goals in their lives. One canimagine liveness as a long winding road with millions of other roads branching offin many directions. The only problem is that life is too short to explore everysingle road. In addition, the essence of time depart not allow anyone to go backto a road that was passed. Everyone must choose his/her own roads through liferegardless of what other people might think. Robert Frost wrote in The Road NotTaken, " I took the one less traveled by And that has made all the difference"(Frost 423). By managing ones time efficiently and making clear rationalchoices, one can achieve a healthy mind, body and spirit.     One important choice in life is having a healthy mind. The key toachieving a healthy mind is to be open minded. Since the day we are born, weare bombarded with information from te levision, radios, books, magazines, andwhat we observe personally. The world is modify with a vast amount ofinformation and each individual is responsible for obtaining, understanding, andmaking value judgments on this information. One must understand the world mosthim before he can understand himself. Making the choice of obtaining a collegeeducation is extremely important in the world today. There are so manydifferent areas which ro choose. Each individual must find w...

Krakauers Into Thin Air and Boukreevs The Climb Essay -- Mountain Cl

Krakauers Into Thin Air and Boukreevs The ClimbOn the day of May 10, 1996, several climbers were attempting to descend the slopes of funding Everest in blizzard conditions a time at which every moment mattered. Emerging from the pack, two climbers reached the safety of the tents of Camp Four before the majority of their teammates. Anatoli Boukreev and Jon Krakauer recounted the military position of that day in very different ways, but Krakauer seemed to portray Boukreev as an antagonist in his book, Into Thin Air. Boukreev proved in his own book, The Climb, that multiple actions called into psyche by Krakauer were in fact valuable steps that an experienced climber used in order to rescue clients in learn. Krakauer repeatedly scolded Boukreev for not use supplemental atomic number 8 above Camp Four during the summit push on May 10. Krakauer claimed that the lack of oxygen didnt seem to be in their clients go around interests (ITA, 186). The journalist seemed to be concerned tha t Boukreev, as a guide, should use oxygen because it would allow him to function more normally in the case of catastrophe. In fact, Boukreev dispute this point in The Climb, mentioning that he believed given proper acclimatization, it was safer to climb without oxygen. Krakauer himself suffered when he ran out of oxygen just before the South Summit entire sectors of my noetic cortex seemed to kick in shut down altogether. Dizzy, fearing that I would black out, I was frantic to reach the South Summit. (ITA, 195) Boukreev believed that a climber who suddenly ran out of oxygen after consuming a tank would be in a much worse situation than one who had become used to move up without triggerman at all. His decision not to use gas was primarily based on his past experience. Expedition leader Scott Fischer had allowed Boukreev to summit without oxygen, knowing that he had already reached the top of the world twice without it (ITA, 186). Fischer had even considered reaching the summit w ithout oxygen himself. The Russian climber used the philosophy that every ounce counts while move a mountain even the slightest extra weight would have a profound effect on the climbing ability of an individual. Though he did not use oxygen above Camp Four, Boukreev carried a single canister of oxygen with him in case of emergency he gave it to fellow guide Neal Beidleman when the need arose. Since each canist... ... only a couple members to even attempt a rescue. These efforts were, for the most part, shrugged off by Krakauer. The Climb offers great detail of Boukreevs forays into the blizzard, and the resulting rescue of a group of climbers huddling together in the frigid temperatures. Both Charlotte Fox and Sandy Hill Pittman, members of the group, were close to dying Boukreev quoted Lene Gammelgaard as saying, Sandy very close to dying. peradventure if you will find, you will find her dead. And you need hurry. (Climb, 184) Boukreev single-handedly saved all members of the gro up except climber Yasuko Namba despite the intolerable conditions, a true volition to Boukreevs considerable experience and heroism. Anatoli Boukreev, despite Jon Krakauers criticisms, was the most valuable member of the expeditions caught near the summit of Everest on May 10, 1996. His heroism and courage were recognized throughout the climbing community, and these traits warranted a receipt of the American Alpine Clubs prestigious David A. Sowles Memorial Award. If more climbers in 1996 were as strong as Boukreev, all of the climbers who ascended in 1996 may have been able to descend safely from Mount Everest.